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Analysis by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Analysis by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry X-ray fluorescence (XRF), is an emission spectroscopic technique which has found wide application in the area of elemental identification and determination. The technique depends on the emission of characteristic x-radiation, normally in the 1 keV to 60 keV energy range, following excitation of atomic electron energy levels by an external …

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Fuel Combustion and Heat Transfer in a Furnace

Fuel Combustion and Heat Transfer in a Furnace Heat is needed in a furnace for heating of the furnace charge (material to be heated in the furnace) and sometimes for the chemical reactions. The three sources of heat energy are (i) combustion of fuels, (ii) electric energy, and (iii) chemical energy available through the exothermic …

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