Inclusions, Inclusion Engineering and Clean Steels Inclusions are non-metallic compounds and precipitates which form in steel during its production and processing and hence are the by-products of steelmaking which arise from different chemistries and processes. Inclusions can vary widely in size and composition, giving rise to a corresponding wide range of effects and mandating sophisticated …
Read MoreAutomation, Instrumentation and Modelling of Continuous Casting of Steel Continuous casting process for liquid steel is a process whereby the liquid steel is solidified into a semi-finished steel product (billet, bloom, beam- blank, round, or slab) for subsequent rolling in the rolling mills. The basic operation of a continuous casting machine is to convert liquid …
Read MoreAutomation, Control and Modelling of Basic Oxygen Steelmaking In the basic oxygen steelmaking process, the basic oxygen furnace or converter produces liquid steel by reducing the carbon content of hot metal made by the blast furnace from around 4.5 % to 0.03 % to 1.0 %. The converter blows large amount of pure oxygen into …
Read MoreAutomation Control and Modelling of Electric Arc Furnace The electric arc furnace (EAF) constitutes the main process in scrap / DRI (direct reduced iron) based steelmaking and the second most important steelmaking process route in terms of global steel production. It is the main process for recycling of ferrous scrap. It was invented in 1889 …
Read MoreBlast Furnace Process Automation, Measurement, and Control System The efficient operation of the modern blast furnace needs a high degree of automation in conjunction with a measuring system and a monitoring and control system. The blast furnace process control system in combination with the blast furnace optimization system creates a high level in intelligent blast …
Read MoreGreen Steelmaking The average annual temperature of the earth is rising since the industrial revolution. This is mainly due to the burning of the fossil fuels which increase the emissions of carbon di-oxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Prior to the industrial revolution, 280 ppm (0.028 %) of the atmospheric air consisted of CO2, and this …
Read MoreAutomation and Control System of Sinter Plant Sintering process (Fig 1) is a metallurgical process carried out on a sintering machine. It is a thermal agglomeration process. The sintering process is an energy intensive process, in which a number of parameters have to be taken into account. The process is complex and involves various …
Read MoreAutomation, Control, and Measurement System of Coke Oven Plant Metallurgical coke is used in iron and steel industry processes (primarily in blast furnaces) for the reduction of e iron ore to iron and in foundries. Over 90 % of the total coke production is dedicated to blast furnace operations. Foundry coke comprises most of the …
Read MoreImportant aspects of Rolling of Hot Rolled Coil in Hot Strip Mill Continuous cast slabs having thicknesses higher than 200 mm are used to make hot rolled strip. The transformation of the slabs into sheets / plates with a thickness of only some millimeters is the most important phase during flat steel rolling. The operations …
Read MoreLife cycle assessment and steel sustainability The steel industry is the second largest industry in the world after oil and gas industry. Steel is used in almost every sector which ranges from building and construction, packaging, transportation industry, and power and renewable energy sector. Use of steel is found everywhere in the present day society. …
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